The Bishop of Hippo

In response to my list of 111 mystics, the Grateful Heretic (aka Grateful Bear) writes:

I don’t see how Augustine can be defined as a mystic. A dualist, the inventor of “original sin,” one who brought Manicheanism into mainstream Christian theology, one who made Christianity even more body-negative and sex-negative than it already was – those definitions of Augustine I can see. But mystic???

Several random thoughts in response to this…

  1. No less an authority than Evelyn Underhill considered Augustine a mystic. She wrote, “The influence of Plotinus upon later Christian mysticism was enormous though indirect… St. Augustine (A.D. 354-430) and Dionysius the Areopagite (writing between 475 and 525) are among his spiritual children; and it is mainly through them that his doctrine reached the mediæval world.” (Mysticism, page 456).
  2. Underhill’s argument is basically that the pagan philosopher Plotinus, and his two Christian followers Pseudo-Dionysius and Augustine, are essentially the three-legged stool upon which Christian mysticism rests, at least from the sixth century onward. Of those three, Augustine is the only westerner, so his importance to the development of western Christian mysticism cannot be overemphasized.
  3. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church notes, “Without St. Augustine’s massive intellect and deep spiritual perception Western theology would never have taken the shape in which it is familiar to us.” (page 110; my italics).
  4. Although Bernard McGinn notes in The Foundations of Mysticism that scholars have debated whether or not Augustine may properly be called a mystic at least since 1863, he notes that most of those who have denied Augustine as a mystic generally do so out of a narrow definition of mysticism. McGinn himself lauds Augustine as “the founding father” of western mysticism, while other scholars of mysticism including Dom Cuthbert Butler, Steven Fanning, and Louis Bouyer, all speak of Augustine’s mysticism (Butler called Augustine “the Prince of Mystics”). Indeed, Butler’s classic book Western Mysticism carries this subtitle: “The Teaching of Augustine, Gregory and Bernard on Contemplation and the Contemplative Life.”
  5. Even for those who do discount Augustine as a mystic, I should point out that he is hardly the only figure in my list of 111 whose mysticism is contested.
  6. While as of this writing I have only read one biography of Augustine and have only read one text (the Confessions), this limited knowledge has already convinced me that he qualifies as a mystic, or at least as a contemplative. The Confessions include passages of tremendous spiritual beauty and eloquence that I believe could only have been written out of firsthand experience.
  7. Finally, I think we need to be careful about creating theological or spiritual litmus tests by which we decide who is or is not a mystic. I have my arguments with Augustinian theology, but he is not the only mystic on my reading list with whom I hold theological disagreements. Part of my understanding of the splendid diversity of catholic experience is that I do not need to see eye to eye with every theologian (or mystic) in order to appreciate, and find nurturance in, his or her work. If I refused to read every mystic with whom I had “issues,” I’d end up with a short reading list indeed!

So was Augustine a mystic? Who knows for sure — but enough scholars hold him as such that I have no problem including him in with my list of mystics worth reading. Is his theology above reproach? Hardly, although I don’t think he’s the boogeyman either. It has been fashionable to attack Augustine for going on 800 years now, but I’d rather read him and decide for myself than exclude him from my study just because he functions as a lightning rod for those who are angry with the church.

What’s going on in 101Mystics land???

If you want to know what’s happening with this project, please follow this link. Future posts on the mystics I’m reading will not be made to this journal, but directly to my new blog instead.

Introduction to World Mysticism (Evening at Emory)

Emory University has just announced a class I’m teaching this fall as part of the Evening at Emory Program:

Introduction to World Mysticism (4 sessions: Tuesdays, September 26-October 17; 7:00-9:00 pm)

Madonna is studying the Kabbalah. The DaVinci Code is a runaway bestseller. Seven hundred years after he died, everyone’s reading Rumi. Yoga, Buddhism and other eastern practices are more popular among Americans than ever. So what gives? At the heart of all these cultural trends is mysticism, a vague word that can be translated as “the spiritual principle at the heart of religion.” Many people believe mysticism is the golden thread that unites all the world’s religions. Others scoff at the idea. Come decide for yourself in this class as we explore major themes and writings from the world’s great mystical traditions. Using Andrew Harvey’s The Essential Mystics as our textbook, we’ll examine the world’s great wisdom traditions — Taoism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, as well as pagan and philosophical forms of mysticism — acknowledging both the common ground and the distinctive qualities of each mystical path. Class is taught from an academic/nonsectarian perspective.

Textbook:
The Essential Mystics: Selections from the World’s Great Wisdom Traditions edited by Andrew Harvey

Instructor: Carl McColman, author of The Aspiring Mystic

What will be covered:

  • Session 1: Defining our terms, posing the question: is there such a thing as a “world mysticism”? Pro and con arguments.
  • Session 2: Indigenous, Taoist, and Hindu mysticism
  • Session 3: Jewish (Kabbalah), Christian, and Islam (Sufi) mysticism
  • Session 4: Buddhist and pagan/philosophical mysticism; summary/revisiting our question

Registration fee: $90

Register now!

Continental Patrons

I learned the other day that Benedict is the patron saint of Europe. I’ve known that Our Lady of Guadalupe is the patron saint of the Americas. So I began to wonder, who’s in charge of the other continents? It would be nice to have just a handful of saints to pray to, on behalf of the entire world.

My search, at least so far, has been frustrating. I’ve been able to find a patron for Asia Minor, but not for all of Asia. Australia falls under the patronage of Mary, whom you would think would be busy enough dealing with the Americas. Meanwhile, I couldn’t find a patron for Antarctica at all. Don’t you think penguins and explorers need saintly patronage, too?

So, the following list only works if A) you clump all of Asia in with Asia Minor, and B) you clump Antarctica in with Oceania. With those caveats in mind, here’s my decidedly unofficial list of continental patron saints:

  • Africa: Charles Lwanga
  • Asia: John the Evangelist
  • Australia: Mary
  • The Americas: Our Lady of Guadalupe
  • Europe: Benedict
  • Oceania (and Antarctica): Peter Chanel

The obvious next question would be: who is the patron saint of the oceans? I would vote for Our Lady, Star of the Sea. But that would mean that Mary is really overworked in this department, don’t you think?

Five Websites Every Progressive Catholic Needs to Know

Wheezinggirl emailed me to make sure I knew about the FutureChurch website (which I did, but thanks anyway). It made me think that readers of this blog might enjoy a handy set of must-have links for progressive and dissident Catholics:

Plus here’s a bonus link, to the webpage of my favorite dissident Catholic author (and his must-read book):

Happy surfing!

I Think, Therefore I Sit

Yesterday I wrote about the dance of ego in the world of magic, using audiophile technology as a metaphor to unpack my own distaste for the way that a sense of self-importance can easily find refuge in the occult world. This morning it occurred to me why this topic appealed to me: because it connects with my ongoing quest to find a balanced relationship with my own ego.

I get triggered by egotism (whether I encounter it among audiophiles, occultists, writers, or wherever) because I don’t know what to do with my own sense of self. I suspect that egotism often is a symptom of a wounded self-image. That’s certainly true in my case: I can fret plenty about how wounded I am: depressive, addictive, compulsive, self-sabotaging, yada yada yada. Sure, all those problems are real enough. But is the “answer” really something I can find by dancing closer and faster with my… self? It’s one thing to fight fire with fire, but is it really useful to try to fight ego with ego?

Other times I figure that I’m really lucky in life, with a loving family, a fascinating career, a sweet home full of loved ones and cherished possessions (read: books), and a meaningful spiritual practice that can effectively — you guessed it — breathe space into the ego. So I can feel good about my blessings, be thankful, face life with optimism and hope and confidence.

If there were such a thing as an egometer that could measure an ego’s strength, overall health, etc., I suspect I’d get a pretty good report on the state of my I. But that’s not to say I don’t have my wounds, my “needs improvement” areas, my places where I cling just a little too hard or bleed just a little too freely. Is the glass half-empty or half full? Is my ego too big, or too wounded? It’s a great question, great for the ego because it allows my self to keep on preening — in the mirror. But as much I love to preen my ego, I get an extra jolt of self-consciousness by deciding that it’s wrong to be such an egotist. No wonder egotism in others rattles me so.

I love the practice of sitting in contemplative prayer because, in addition to the quality of devotion and loving gratitude which characterizes the experience, it feels like a gentle cleansing process for my ego. Like warm water flowing through the cells of my soul, the silence of contemplation flows through me, washing away lingering emotional blocks or unresolved points of anger or fear. It creates a spacious inner place where I can rest, simply be, and enjoy a sense of psychic safety where I can be undefended. Part of the splendor of contemplative practice is how it enables me to shift my inner focus away from trying to do or fix something, and toward more of a simple basking in the light. And since my practice focuses on the presence of Divine Love as a higher and prior reality to my own self-absorption, at its best my meditation gives me the rarest of gifts: self-forgetfulness.

At least until the bell rings.

Spelling the Perfect Sound

The other night my friend Phil and I were shooting the breeze about nothing much in particular, and the topic of how iTunes is revolutionizing the music biz came up (Phil’s son is a guitarist in a band called Blue of Noon). Phil made a comment that fascinated me: "You know," he said, "the sales of high end audiophile equipment is declining. People just aren’t worried about high fidelity any more." I snorted in response, "Yeah, well, the audiophile market has been overblown for quite some time now. A carefully chosen $3000 system sounds just as good as a $30,000 system, even though audiophiles are too obstinate to admit it."

The conversation meandered on to other topics, but it left me thinking about the rise and fall of the true audiophile: the person who would gladly take out a second mortgage on their house to buy the "perfect" sound system. More than once, I encountered audiophiles who, like overeager 12-year-olds, simply had to show off their expensive toys to me — with a great flourish I’d be invited to sit in the audiophile’s own chair (carefully positioned in the one spot in the room where the sound is, er, most perfect) and then, after explaining in intricate detail why their particular five-figure sound system is The Absolute Best On The Planet, my friend would cue up an album notorious for its sonic complexity (like Rick Wakeman’s Journey to the Center of the Earth or the Gyuto Monks’ Tibetan Tantric Choir), and then… I’d listen.

Whenever this happened, I always bumped up against the same problem: I never heard a system that sounded any better than my medium-priced Sony CD player, JVC receiver, and Bose speakers. All of which cost roughly 10% of what my audiophile friends paid for their "perfect" systems.

When I would express my inability to detect a difference in sonic splendour, invariably my friend would smile condescendingly and lament how sad life must be for me, to suffer the curse of having plebeian ears.

• • •

Sad as it might be for my audiophile friends, science pretty much takes my side. Test after double blind test fails to demonstrate any ability, both among audiophiles or us plebeians, to detect with any consistency a difference in sound between average high quality stereo components and the super-expensive, ultra-high end audio equipment. If you think this is a bold statement, then check out some of the links from the Wikipedia article on audiophiles, and you’ll find all sorts of entertaining reading. Part of what makes it all so much fun: the audiophiles simply argue against the evidence (my favorite counter argument: "a listener needs a relaxing environment, in which over time he’ll be able to detect the true superiority of audiophile sound." Yeah, right. Incidentally, I use the pronoun "he" because most audiophiles are men, women being far too sensible to engage in such egotistical play). We human beings are so precious: we’ll believe whatever we want to believe, and come up with all sorts of arguments to bolster our position, no matter how much it flies in the face of common sense.

But back to Phil’s comment about declining sales of audiophile equipment. Here’s an online article that bears out his observation. I personally find it hard to believe that the advent of downloadable music is alone responsible for the decline of the audiophile market. I suspect that this decline originated with a younger generation that has grown up with the ordinary sonic splendor of digital technology and therefore does not need to believe in a mythical "pure sound" delivered only by über-expensive equipment. In other words, the myth of the audiophile experience has been subverted not only by measurable science (i.e., the double blind test), but also by the digital availability of beautiful sound delivered through (relatively) inexpensive equipment. The advent of the MP3 is simply an amplification of a process that began a quarter century ago with the debut of the compact disc. Of course, some audiophiles insist that their subjective ability to discern minute differences in sound still justifies the heroically large amounts of money that they will invest in stereo equipment, which they can then brag about to anyone who will listen (mostly, just others in their vanishing community).

• • •

This morning, an interesting thought occurred to me: based on my experience of the contemporary magical community, many of its members and spokespersons seem to function in ways that parallel the dynamics of the audiophile community. Just as audiophiles seek the perfect sound, so too do magicians seek the perfect experience (of magic). Like audiophiles, true believers in magic will go to herioc lengths in their quest for this perfect experience.

Like audiophiles, magicians (ceremonial, Wiccan, druidic, or otherwise — I’ve encountered the phenomenon I’m describing here in a variety of settings) claim a higher than ordinary sensory (or extrasensory) ability — the ability to perceive and direct the flow of magical energy or of controllable spiritual entities. Non-magicians who do not share in this perception/experience of magical "reality" are dismissed, either contemptuously or with seeming compassion, as "lacking" in psychic ability. Meanwhile, those magicians who have (or claim to have) the psychic skill necessary to cut the magical muster, engage in the pursuit of arcane knowledge, esoteric spellcraft, hidden ritual, and ancient ceremonial as a means to sharpen, hone, or simply celebrate their unique knowledge/skill. How do they do this? By studying under a demanding teacher or teachers, and/or by pursuing a series of intiations in a magical tradition. Such studies typically take years to complete, are highly demanding in terms of time and effort, require loyalty, perseverance (and often, obedience) and confer upon the student a "lineage" or magical pedigree. These challenging curricula, often linked to famous magical celebrities (like Aleister Crowley or Israel Regardie or Victor Anderson) are, in this analogy, the equivalent to the high-priced audiophile equipment: not only is such a training program expensive (and therefore elitist), but its value is only "discernable" to those with the "rare ability" to perceive its worth. Of course, here the "expense" is measured not in dollars, but in terms of time, effort, and commitment to the pursuit of the esoteric studies within a particular initiatory lineage.

So… if you have the goods (the magical raw aptitude), you need to buy the expensive equipment (the elitist training by the "right" teacher), in order to achieve the desired perfect experience (magical mastery). Once having achieved such mastery, you have unlimited bragging rights (i.e., you get to write dense and largely unreadable books in the tradition of Aleister Crowley or R.J. Stewart). On the other hand, if you look at this entire house of cards and decide it’s more about ego than anything else, well… clearly you are a plebeian and you have zero magical ability whatsoever. Of course, the fact that empirical science cannot demonstrate any independently verifiable and measurable evidence that magical energy exists at all (let alone has an impact on peoples’ lives) is simply evidence of science’s failings, and should not at all be taken to suggest that the emperors of magic are, in fact, naked.

What a fun world we live in!

• • •

Some of my readers will find this post supremely annoying, and simply further evidence that I went off my rocker when I decided to trade in druidism for catholicism. A few others might have an "ah ha!" moment similar to the one I myself enjoyed this morning. Granted, most of you who read these words will no doubt find them boring, either because you have no knowledge of or interest in the audiophile community, or else no knowledge of or interest in the magical community. If you belong to this last group, be thankful!

As for me, I am left with one question. When will the world of magic have its own equivalent to digital music: in other words, a phenomenon that gives the average person enough of a splendid experience of the spiritual realm — without the egotism or posturing that goes with most arcane magical studies — that he or she will see through magic’s claims to be the best or only experience of spiritual power? Of course, given  how marginalized the magical communities are even in today’s postmodern world, perhaps that phenomenon has already arrived. Perhaps it is devotional mysticism. Perhaps it is science. Perhaps it is good old fashioned psychotherapy.

I think any of the three will do, as alternatives to magic for the average person. I for one would glady opt for any of these — the spiritual splendor of union with divine love; or a reasonable, constructive engagement with the natural world, or just plain and simple emotional health and well-being — over the grandiose but largely-hollow promises of the magical elite. But what do I know? I’m just a plebeian, after all.

 

Beauty

Wheezinggirl writes in a recent comment, "I see much beauty in the Christian mystical tradition."

Indeed. Much of what drives me to continue exploring Christian mysticism is its emphasis on beauty.

The three great branches of theology: dogmatic theology, moral theology, and ascetical (mystical) theology, correspond to the three Platonic ways of knowing: truth, goodness, and beauty, respectively. More recently, Ken Wilber speaks of these three forms as "the big three," corresponding to his integral map of consciousness: truth corresponds to what is out there in an objective/empirical sense, goodness corresponds to the truths that govern social interaction and collective consciousness, while beauty corresponds to the riches of truth "in here," concerning the limitless depth of subjective/spiritual consciousness.

Dogmatic theology as the arbiter of truth has been under attack by western science for some time now. Indeed, while fundamentalists (of any religious persuasion) still cling to the idea that the dogma of their faith is the one and only absolute truth, most moderate to liberal Christians would now accept that dogmatic theology really only concerns religious truth, leaving the core reality-dogmas of our day under the arbitration of the scientific community. Meanwhile, moral theology has come under attack from a variety of sources, but most especially from feminism and postmodernism, two movements that have deconstructed the patriarchalism, legalism, and objectivism that have shaped and limited classical Christian morality.

So in a world where Christianity’s claims to contribute to both the true and the good have been compromised, what about beauty? I think this is where the faith remains the most relevant to today’s world. Not only are the writings of the mystics splendid in their literary artistry, but their directives for experiencing the Divine Presence through lectio divina (meditative reading of scripture), contemplative prayer, meditation, and the liturgy invite us to encounter not only beauty, but glory and wonder as well.

It’s a shame that mysticism is so marginalized within Christianity. It’s as if untold millions of people are sitting on a vast, limitless treasure that promises to transform their lives with indescribable beauty and joy, but since no one has bothered to tell them about it, the treasure goes unnoticed.

Beauty

Wheezinggirl writes in a recent comment, “I see much beauty in the Christian mystical tradition.”

Indeed. Much of what drives me to continue exploring Christian mysticism is its emphasis on beauty.

The three great branches of theology: dogmatic theology, moral theology, and ascetical (mystical) theology, correspond to the three Platonic ways of knowing: truth, goodness, and beauty, respectively. More recently, Ken Wilber speaks of these three forms as “the big three,” corresponding to his integral map of consciousness: truth corresponds to what is out there in an objective/empirical sense, goodness corresponds to the truths that govern social interaction and collective consciousness, while beauty corresponds to the riches of truth “in here,” concerning the limitless depth of subjective/spiritual consciousness.

Dogmatic theology as the arbiter of truth has been under attack by western science for some time now. Indeed, while fundamentalists (of any religious persuasion) still cling to the idea that the dogma of their faith is the one and only absolute truth, most moderate to liberal Christians would now accept that dogmatic theology really only concerns religious truth, leaving the core reality-dogmas of our day under the arbitration of the scientific community. Meanwhile, moral theology has come under attack from a variety of sources, but most especially from feminism and postmodernism, two movements that have deconstructed the patriarchalism, legalism, and objectivism that have shaped and limited classical Christian morality.

So in a world where Christianity’s claims to contribute to both the true and the good have been compromised, what about beauty? I think this is where the faith remains the most relevant to today’s world. Not only are the writings of the mystics splendid in their literary artistry, but their directives for experiencing the Divine Presence through lectio divina (meditative reading of scripture), contemplative prayer, meditation, and the liturgy invite us to encounter not only beauty, but glory and wonder as well.

It’s a shame that mysticism is so marginalized within Christianity. It’s as if untold millions of people are sitting on a vast, limitless treasure that promises to transform their lives with indescribable beauty and joy, but since no one has bothered to tell them about it, the treasure goes unnoticed.

The Alabaster Box

More thoughts about Christianity and Neopaganism and their differing approaches to the spirituality of nature:

I think the argument can be made that magic is an effort to control nature. Using spiritual means to achieve physical results… changing consciousness in order to change reality… finding a spiritual solution to your problem, etc. etc. However you want to define magic, it seems that it so often boils down to an effort (whether through ritual, spellcraft, energy work, or just “being” in the flow) to shape what is (i.e., nature) in accordance with the will (or Will-with-a-capital-W, depending on your philosophy of magic). In its most benign form, magic is the effort to align the will/Will with nature, which gets into the murky waters of obeying nature. Meanwhile, Lon Duquette might argue that magic is an effort to control nature, but only the nature of the self: such magic-as-self-mastery is perhaps the form of magic with the most ethical/moral potential.

Kenneth Leech
, the author such wonderful books as Experiencing God: Theology as Spirituality and True Prayer: An Invitation to Christian Spirituality, once suggested to me that magic flourishes whenever a community loses touch with the sacramental. Sacraments: outward signs of inward graces. Rather than using ritual or spiritual energies to control nature, sacraments are about using elements of nature (water, wine, bread, oil, etc.) to celebrate grace. Grace, after all, simply cannot be controlled. But through the sacraments we can at least point to it and say, “here it is.”

Even sexuality is involved: If you believe that marriage is a sacrament, then lovemaking becomes a means of grace. No matter what the dualistic conservatives may think.

•••

In my post from yesterday I complained about Christianity’s troubled relationship with nature over the years. Reflecting on this, it occurs to me that Jesus himself may be the key to re-visioning Christianity’s relationship with creation. Think about it…

  • His ministry begins with 40 days in the desert (sounds like a vision quest to me!);
  • He makes a name for himself as a very earthy, body-positive healer;
  • Again and again, various vignettes in the New Testament depict him as particularly kind toward women and willing to flout convention in order to relate to women in positive ways;
  • At one point he performs a healing by creating a poultice using saliva mixed with dirt;
  • In terms of setting, the Gospels dance through nature: Jesus lives by the sea, he preaches on the mountain, he prays in the garden, he retreats to the desert… this was no effete urban snob! Jesus was a man of the earth;
  • Consider this amazing passage from Luke (7:37-8): "And behold, a woman in the city, which was a sinner, when she knew that Jesus sat at meat in the Pharisee’s house, brought an alabaster box of ointment, and stood at his feet behind him weeping, and began to wash his feet with tears, and did wipe them with the hairs of her head, and kissed his feet, and anointed them with the ointment." Jesus clearly appears to be someone very comfortable with sensual pleasure. Even if we assume that Jesus was somehow above getting "turned on" by the frank sensuality of this woman’s actions, we cannot but think he must have been very comfortable with physical pleasure in order to calmly receive such attention, in a social setting no less;
  • After his resurrection, Jesus is depicting as eating real food. His resurrection is not some sort of spiritualized appearance of a phantom, it’s a real event involving a real occurrence… in the natural world;
  • Finally, even the miracles — feeding the multitudes, calming the storm, walking on water — can be interpreted as evidence of Jesus as a nature-positive figure. After all, these stories suggest a deep cooperation with nature on his part, presaging the “harmony with nature” that is the object of so many 21st-century spiritual seekers, Neopagan or otherwise.

While these few examples of how Jesus is depicted in the New Testament in relation to nature do not necessarily add up to a comprehensive nature-positive theology, I think they do go a long way toward undermining Christianity’s traditional ambivalence toward nature. In our day, given how badly the human community has compromised our collective relationship with the environment, I think whatever we can use to begin to re-vision Christianity’s relationship with nature will be a Good Thing. And it’s encouraging to think that a revitalized nature-friendly Christianity actually begins at the top.

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